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736 <div id="header">
737 <h1>
738 git-cat-file(1) Manual Page
739 </h1>
740 <h2>NAME</h2>
741 <div class="sectionbody">
742 <p>git-cat-file -
743 Provide contents or details of repository objects
744 </p>
745 </div>
746 </div>
747 <div id="content">
748 <div class="sect1">
749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
750 <div class="sectionbody">
751 <div class="verseblock">
752 <pre class="content"><em>git cat-file</em> &lt;type&gt; &lt;object&gt;
753 <em>git cat-file</em> (-e | -p) &lt;object&gt;
754 <em>git cat-file</em> (-t | -s) [--allow-unknown-type] &lt;object&gt;
755 <em>git cat-file</em> (--textconv | --filters)
756 [&lt;rev&gt;:&lt;path|tree-ish&gt; | --path=&lt;path|tree-ish&gt; &lt;rev&gt;]
757 <em>git cat-file</em> (--batch | --batch-check | --batch-command) [--batch-all-objects]
758 [--buffer] [--follow-symlinks] [--unordered]
759 [--textconv | --filters] [-Z]</pre>
760 <div class="attribution">
761 </div></div>
762 </div>
763 </div>
764 <div class="sect1">
765 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
766 <div class="sectionbody">
767 <div class="paragraph"><p>Output the contents or other properties such as size, type or delta
768 information of one or more objects.</p></div>
769 <div class="paragraph"><p>This command can operate in two modes, depending on whether an option
770 from the <code>--batch</code> family is specified.</p></div>
771 <div class="paragraph"><p>In non-batch mode, the command provides information on an object
772 named on the command line.</p></div>
773 <div class="paragraph"><p>In batch mode, arguments are read from standard input.</p></div>
774 </div>
775 </div>
776 <div class="sect1">
777 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
778 <div class="sectionbody">
779 <div class="dlist"><dl>
780 <dt class="hdlist1">
781 &lt;object&gt;
782 </dt>
783 <dd>
785 The name of the object to show.
786 For a more complete list of ways to spell object names, see
787 the "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.
788 </p>
789 </dd>
790 <dt class="hdlist1">
792 </dt>
793 <dd>
795 Instead of the content, show the object type identified by
796 <code>&lt;object&gt;</code>.
797 </p>
798 </dd>
799 <dt class="hdlist1">
801 </dt>
802 <dd>
804 Instead of the content, show the object size identified by
805 <code>&lt;object&gt;</code>. If used with <code>--use-mailmap</code> option, will show
806 the size of updated object after replacing idents using the
807 mailmap mechanism.
808 </p>
809 </dd>
810 <dt class="hdlist1">
812 </dt>
813 <dd>
815 Exit with zero status if <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> exists and is a valid
816 object. If <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> is of an invalid format, exit with non-zero
817 status and emit an error on stderr.
818 </p>
819 </dd>
820 <dt class="hdlist1">
822 </dt>
823 <dd>
825 Pretty-print the contents of <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> based on its type.
826 </p>
827 </dd>
828 <dt class="hdlist1">
829 &lt;type&gt;
830 </dt>
831 <dd>
833 Typically this matches the real type of <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> but asking
834 for a type that can trivially be dereferenced from the given
835 <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> is also permitted. An example is to ask for a
836 "tree" with <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> being a commit object that contains it,
837 or to ask for a "blob" with <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> being a tag object that
838 points at it.
839 </p>
840 </dd>
841 <dt class="hdlist1">
842 --[no-]mailmap
843 </dt>
844 <dt class="hdlist1">
845 --[no-]use-mailmap
846 </dt>
847 <dd>
849 Use mailmap file to map author, committer and tagger names
850 and email addresses to canonical real names and email addresses.
851 See <a href="git-shortlog.html">git-shortlog(1)</a>.
852 </p>
853 </dd>
854 <dt class="hdlist1">
855 --textconv
856 </dt>
857 <dd>
859 Show the content as transformed by a textconv filter. In this case,
860 <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> has to be of the form <code>&lt;tree-ish&gt;:&lt;path&gt;</code>, or <code>:&lt;path&gt;</code> in
861 order to apply the filter to the content recorded in the index at
862 <code>&lt;path&gt;</code>.
863 </p>
864 </dd>
865 <dt class="hdlist1">
866 --filters
867 </dt>
868 <dd>
870 Show the content as converted by the filters configured in
871 the current working tree for the given <code>&lt;path&gt;</code> (i.e. smudge filters,
872 end-of-line conversion, etc). In this case, <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> has to be of
873 the form <code>&lt;tree-ish&gt;:&lt;path&gt;</code>, or <code>:&lt;path&gt;</code>.
874 </p>
875 </dd>
876 <dt class="hdlist1">
877 --path=&lt;path&gt;
878 </dt>
879 <dd>
881 For use with <code>--textconv</code> or <code>--filters</code>, to allow specifying an object
882 name and a path separately, e.g. when it is difficult to figure out
883 the revision from which the blob came.
884 </p>
885 </dd>
886 <dt class="hdlist1">
887 --batch
888 </dt>
889 <dt class="hdlist1">
890 --batch=&lt;format&gt;
891 </dt>
892 <dd>
894 Print object information and contents for each object provided
895 on stdin. May not be combined with any other options or arguments
896 except <code>--textconv</code>, <code>--filters</code>, or <code>--use-mailmap</code>.
897 </p>
898 <div class="openblock">
899 <div class="content">
900 <div class="ulist"><ul>
901 <li>
903 When used with <code>--textconv</code> or <code>--filters</code>, the input lines
904 must specify the path, separated by whitespace. See the section
905 <code>BATCH OUTPUT</code> below for details.
906 </p>
907 </li>
908 <li>
910 When used with <code>--use-mailmap</code>, for commit and tag objects, the
911 contents part of the output shows the identities replaced using the
912 mailmap mechanism, while the information part of the output shows
913 the size of the object as if it actually recorded the replacement
914 identities.
915 </p>
916 </li>
917 </ul></div>
918 </div></div>
919 </dd>
920 <dt class="hdlist1">
921 --batch-check
922 </dt>
923 <dt class="hdlist1">
924 --batch-check=&lt;format&gt;
925 </dt>
926 <dd>
928 Print object information for each object provided on stdin. May not be
929 combined with any other options or arguments except <code>--textconv</code>, <code>--filters</code>
930 or <code>--use-mailmap</code>.
931 </p>
932 <div class="openblock">
933 <div class="content">
934 <div class="ulist"><ul>
935 <li>
937 When used with <code>--textconv</code> or <code>--filters</code>, the input lines must
938 specify the path, separated by whitespace. See the section
939 <code>BATCH OUTPUT</code> below for details.
940 </p>
941 </li>
942 <li>
944 When used with <code>--use-mailmap</code>, for commit and tag objects, the
945 printed object information shows the size of the object as if the
946 identities recorded in it were replaced by the mailmap mechanism.
947 </p>
948 </li>
949 </ul></div>
950 </div></div>
951 </dd>
952 <dt class="hdlist1">
953 --batch-command
954 </dt>
955 <dt class="hdlist1">
956 --batch-command=&lt;format&gt;
957 </dt>
958 <dd>
960 Enter a command mode that reads commands and arguments from stdin. May
961 only be combined with <code>--buffer</code>, <code>--textconv</code>, <code>--use-mailmap</code> or
962 <code>--filters</code>.
963 </p>
964 <div class="openblock">
965 <div class="content">
966 <div class="ulist"><ul>
967 <li>
969 When used with <code>--textconv</code> or <code>--filters</code>, the input lines must
970 specify the path, separated by whitespace. See the section
971 <code>BATCH OUTPUT</code> below for details.
972 </p>
973 </li>
974 <li>
976 When used with <code>--use-mailmap</code>, for commit and tag objects, the
977 <code>contents</code> command shows the identities replaced using the
978 mailmap mechanism, while the <code>info</code> command shows the size
979 of the object as if it actually recorded the replacement
980 identities.
981 </p>
982 </li>
983 </ul></div>
984 </div></div>
985 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--batch-command</code> recognizes the following commands:</p></div>
986 <div class="openblock">
987 <div class="content">
988 <div class="dlist"><dl>
989 <dt class="hdlist1">
990 contents &lt;object&gt;
991 </dt>
992 <dd>
994 Print object contents for object reference <code>&lt;object&gt;</code>. This corresponds to
995 the output of <code>--batch</code>.
996 </p>
997 </dd>
998 <dt class="hdlist1">
999 info &lt;object&gt;
1000 </dt>
1001 <dd>
1003 Print object info for object reference <code>&lt;object&gt;</code>. This corresponds to the
1004 output of <code>--batch-check</code>.
1005 </p>
1006 </dd>
1007 <dt class="hdlist1">
1008 flush
1009 </dt>
1010 <dd>
1012 Used with <code>--buffer</code> to execute all preceding commands that were issued
1013 since the beginning or since the last flush was issued. When <code>--buffer</code>
1014 is used, no output will come until a <code>flush</code> is issued. When <code>--buffer</code>
1015 is not used, commands are flushed each time without issuing <code>flush</code>.
1016 </p>
1017 </dd>
1018 </dl></div>
1019 </div></div>
1020 </dd>
1021 <dt class="hdlist1">
1022 --batch-all-objects
1023 </dt>
1024 <dd>
1026 Instead of reading a list of objects on stdin, perform the
1027 requested batch operation on all objects in the repository and
1028 any alternate object stores (not just reachable objects).
1029 Requires <code>--batch</code> or <code>--batch-check</code> be specified. By default,
1030 the objects are visited in order sorted by their hashes; see
1031 also <code>--unordered</code> below. Objects are presented as-is, without
1032 respecting the "replace" mechanism of <a href="git-replace.html">git-replace(1)</a>.
1033 </p>
1034 </dd>
1035 <dt class="hdlist1">
1036 --buffer
1037 </dt>
1038 <dd>
1040 Normally batch output is flushed after each object is output, so
1041 that a process can interactively read and write from
1042 <code>cat-file</code>. With this option, the output uses normal stdio
1043 buffering; this is much more efficient when invoking
1044 <code>--batch-check</code> or <code>--batch-command</code> on a large number of objects.
1045 </p>
1046 </dd>
1047 <dt class="hdlist1">
1048 --unordered
1049 </dt>
1050 <dd>
1052 When <code>--batch-all-objects</code> is in use, visit objects in an
1053 order which may be more efficient for accessing the object
1054 contents than hash order. The exact details of the order are
1055 unspecified, but if you do not require a specific order, this
1056 should generally result in faster output, especially with
1057 <code>--batch</code>. Note that <code>cat-file</code> will still show each object
1058 only once, even if it is stored multiple times in the
1059 repository.
1060 </p>
1061 </dd>
1062 <dt class="hdlist1">
1063 --allow-unknown-type
1064 </dt>
1065 <dd>
1067 Allow <code>-s</code> or <code>-t</code> to query broken/corrupt objects of unknown type.
1068 </p>
1069 </dd>
1070 <dt class="hdlist1">
1071 --follow-symlinks
1072 </dt>
1073 <dd>
1075 With <code>--batch</code> or <code>--batch-check</code>, follow symlinks inside the
1076 repository when requesting objects with extended SHA-1
1077 expressions of the form tree-ish:path-in-tree. Instead of
1078 providing output about the link itself, provide output about
1079 the linked-to object. If a symlink points outside the
1080 tree-ish (e.g. a link to <code>/foo</code> or a root-level link to <code>../foo</code>),
1081 the portion of the link which is outside the tree will be
1082 printed.
1083 </p>
1084 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option does not (currently) work correctly when an object in the
1085 index is specified (e.g. <code>:link</code> instead of <code>HEAD:link</code>) rather than
1086 one in the tree.</p></div>
1087 <div class="paragraph"><p>This option cannot (currently) be used unless <code>--batch</code> or
1088 <code>--batch-check</code> is used.</p></div>
1089 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, consider a git repository containing:</p></div>
1090 <div class="openblock">
1091 <div class="content">
1092 <div class="literalblock">
1093 <div class="content">
1094 <pre><code>f: a file containing "hello\n"
1095 link: a symlink to f
1096 dir/link: a symlink to ../f
1097 plink: a symlink to ../f
1098 alink: a symlink to /etc/passwd</code></pre>
1099 </div></div>
1100 </div></div>
1101 <div class="paragraph"><p>For a regular file <code>f</code>, <code>echo HEAD:f | git cat-file --batch</code> would print</p></div>
1102 <div class="openblock">
1103 <div class="content">
1104 <div class="literalblock">
1105 <div class="content">
1106 <pre><code>ce013625030ba8dba906f756967f9e9ca394464a blob 6</code></pre>
1107 </div></div>
1108 </div></div>
1109 <div class="paragraph"><p>And <code>echo HEAD:link | git cat-file --batch --follow-symlinks</code> would
1110 print the same thing, as would <code>HEAD:dir/link</code>, as they both point at
1111 <code>HEAD:f</code>.</p></div>
1112 <div class="paragraph"><p>Without <code>--follow-symlinks</code>, these would print data about the symlink
1113 itself. In the case of <code>HEAD:link</code>, you would see</p></div>
1114 <div class="openblock">
1115 <div class="content">
1116 <div class="literalblock">
1117 <div class="content">
1118 <pre><code>4d1ae35ba2c8ec712fa2a379db44ad639ca277bd blob 1</code></pre>
1119 </div></div>
1120 </div></div>
1121 <div class="paragraph"><p>Both <code>plink</code> and <code>alink</code> point outside the tree, so they would
1122 respectively print:</p></div>
1123 <div class="openblock">
1124 <div class="content">
1125 <div class="literalblock">
1126 <div class="content">
1127 <pre><code>symlink 4
1128 ../f</code></pre>
1129 </div></div>
1130 <div class="literalblock">
1131 <div class="content">
1132 <pre><code>symlink 11
1133 /etc/passwd</code></pre>
1134 </div></div>
1135 </div></div>
1136 </dd>
1137 <dt class="hdlist1">
1139 </dt>
1140 <dd>
1142 Only meaningful with <code>--batch</code>, <code>--batch-check</code>, or
1143 <code>--batch-command</code>; input and output is NUL-delimited instead of
1144 newline-delimited.
1145 </p>
1146 </dd>
1147 <dt class="hdlist1">
1149 </dt>
1150 <dd>
1152 Only meaningful with <code>--batch</code>, <code>--batch-check</code>, or
1153 <code>--batch-command</code>; input is NUL-delimited instead of
1154 newline-delimited. This option is deprecated in favor of
1155 <code>-Z</code> as the output can otherwise be ambiguous.
1156 </p>
1157 </dd>
1158 </dl></div>
1159 </div>
1160 </div>
1161 <div class="sect1">
1162 <h2 id="_output">OUTPUT</h2>
1163 <div class="sectionbody">
1164 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>-t</code> is specified, one of the <code>&lt;type&gt;</code>.</p></div>
1165 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>-s</code> is specified, the size of the <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> in bytes.</p></div>
1166 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>-e</code> is specified, no output, unless the <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> is malformed.</p></div>
1167 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>-p</code> is specified, the contents of <code>&lt;object&gt;</code> are pretty-printed.</p></div>
1168 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>&lt;type&gt;</code> is specified, the raw (though uncompressed) contents of the <code>&lt;object&gt;</code>
1169 will be returned.</p></div>
1170 </div>
1171 </div>
1172 <div class="sect1">
1173 <h2 id="_batch_output">BATCH OUTPUT</h2>
1174 <div class="sectionbody">
1175 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>--batch</code> or <code>--batch-check</code> is given, <code>cat-file</code> will read objects
1176 from stdin, one per line, and print information about them. By default,
1177 the whole line is considered as an object, as if it were fed to
1178 <a href="git-rev-parse.html">git-rev-parse(1)</a>.</p></div>
1179 <div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>--batch-command</code> is given, <code>cat-file</code> will read commands from stdin,
1180 one per line, and print information based on the command given. With
1181 <code>--batch-command</code>, the <code>info</code> command followed by an object will print
1182 information about the object the same way <code>--batch-check</code> would, and the
1183 <code>contents</code> command followed by an object prints contents in the same way
1184 <code>--batch</code> would.</p></div>
1185 <div class="paragraph"><p>You can specify the information shown for each object by using a custom
1186 <code>&lt;format&gt;</code>. The <code>&lt;format&gt;</code> is copied literally to stdout for each
1187 object, with placeholders of the form <code>%(atom)</code> expanded, followed by a
1188 newline. The available atoms are:</p></div>
1189 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1190 <dt class="hdlist1">
1191 <code>objectname</code>
1192 </dt>
1193 <dd>
1195 The full hex representation of the object name.
1196 </p>
1197 </dd>
1198 <dt class="hdlist1">
1199 <code>objecttype</code>
1200 </dt>
1201 <dd>
1203 The type of the object (the same as <code>cat-file -t</code> reports).
1204 </p>
1205 </dd>
1206 <dt class="hdlist1">
1207 <code>objectsize</code>
1208 </dt>
1209 <dd>
1211 The size, in bytes, of the object (the same as <code>cat-file -s</code>
1212 reports).
1213 </p>
1214 </dd>
1215 <dt class="hdlist1">
1216 <code>objectsize:disk</code>
1217 </dt>
1218 <dd>
1220 The size, in bytes, that the object takes up on disk. See the
1221 note about on-disk sizes in the <code>CAVEATS</code> section below.
1222 </p>
1223 </dd>
1224 <dt class="hdlist1">
1225 <code>deltabase</code>
1226 </dt>
1227 <dd>
1229 If the object is stored as a delta on-disk, this expands to the
1230 full hex representation of the delta base object name.
1231 Otherwise, expands to the null OID (all zeroes). See <code>CAVEATS</code>
1232 below.
1233 </p>
1234 </dd>
1235 <dt class="hdlist1">
1236 <code>rest</code>
1237 </dt>
1238 <dd>
1240 If this atom is used in the output string, input lines are split
1241 at the first whitespace boundary. All characters before that
1242 whitespace are considered to be the object name; characters
1243 after that first run of whitespace (i.e., the "rest" of the
1244 line) are output in place of the <code>%(rest)</code> atom.
1245 </p>
1246 </dd>
1247 </dl></div>
1248 <div class="paragraph"><p>If no format is specified, the default format is <code>%(objectname)
1249 %(objecttype) %(objectsize)</code>.</p></div>
1250 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>--batch</code> is specified, or if <code>--batch-command</code> is used with the <code>contents</code>
1251 command, the object information is followed by the object contents (consisting
1252 of <code>%(objectsize)</code> bytes), followed by a newline.</p></div>
1253 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, <code>--batch</code> without a custom format would produce:</p></div>
1254 <div class="listingblock">
1255 <div class="content">
1256 <pre><code>&lt;oid&gt; SP &lt;type&gt; SP &lt;size&gt; LF
1257 &lt;contents&gt; LF</code></pre>
1258 </div></div>
1259 <div class="paragraph"><p>Whereas <code>--batch-check='%(objectname) %(objecttype)'</code> would produce:</p></div>
1260 <div class="listingblock">
1261 <div class="content">
1262 <pre><code>&lt;oid&gt; SP &lt;type&gt; LF</code></pre>
1263 </div></div>
1264 <div class="paragraph"><p>If a name is specified on stdin that cannot be resolved to an object in
1265 the repository, then <code>cat-file</code> will ignore any custom format and print:</p></div>
1266 <div class="listingblock">
1267 <div class="content">
1268 <pre><code>&lt;object&gt; SP missing LF</code></pre>
1269 </div></div>
1270 <div class="paragraph"><p>If a name is specified that might refer to more than one object (an ambiguous short sha), then <code>cat-file</code> will ignore any custom format and print:</p></div>
1271 <div class="listingblock">
1272 <div class="content">
1273 <pre><code>&lt;object&gt; SP ambiguous LF</code></pre>
1274 </div></div>
1275 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>--follow-symlinks</code> is used, and a symlink in the repository points
1276 outside the repository, then <code>cat-file</code> will ignore any custom format
1277 and print:</p></div>
1278 <div class="listingblock">
1279 <div class="content">
1280 <pre><code>symlink SP &lt;size&gt; LF
1281 &lt;symlink&gt; LF</code></pre>
1282 </div></div>
1283 <div class="paragraph"><p>The symlink will either be absolute (beginning with a <code>/</code>), or relative
1284 to the tree root. For instance, if dir/link points to <code>../../foo</code>, then
1285 <code>&lt;symlink&gt;</code> will be <code>../foo</code>. <code>&lt;size&gt;</code> is the size of the symlink in bytes.</p></div>
1286 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>--follow-symlinks</code> is used, the following error messages will be
1287 displayed:</p></div>
1288 <div class="listingblock">
1289 <div class="content">
1290 <pre><code>&lt;object&gt; SP missing LF</code></pre>
1291 </div></div>
1292 <div class="paragraph"><p>is printed when the initial symlink requested does not exist.</p></div>
1293 <div class="listingblock">
1294 <div class="content">
1295 <pre><code>dangling SP &lt;size&gt; LF
1296 &lt;object&gt; LF</code></pre>
1297 </div></div>
1298 <div class="paragraph"><p>is printed when the initial symlink exists, but something that
1299 it (transitive-of) points to does not.</p></div>
1300 <div class="listingblock">
1301 <div class="content">
1302 <pre><code>loop SP &lt;size&gt; LF
1303 &lt;object&gt; LF</code></pre>
1304 </div></div>
1305 <div class="paragraph"><p>is printed for symlink loops (or any symlinks that
1306 require more than 40 link resolutions to resolve).</p></div>
1307 <div class="listingblock">
1308 <div class="content">
1309 <pre><code>notdir SP &lt;size&gt; LF
1310 &lt;object&gt; LF</code></pre>
1311 </div></div>
1312 <div class="paragraph"><p>is printed when, during symlink resolution, a file is used as a
1313 directory name.</p></div>
1314 <div class="paragraph"><p>Alternatively, when <code>-Z</code> is passed, the line feeds in any of the above examples
1315 are replaced with NUL terminators. This ensures that output will be parsable if
1316 the output itself would contain a linefeed and is thus recommended for
1317 scripting purposes.</p></div>
1318 </div>
1319 </div>
1320 <div class="sect1">
1321 <h2 id="_caveats">CAVEATS</h2>
1322 <div class="sectionbody">
1323 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the sizes of objects on disk are reported accurately, but care
1324 should be taken in drawing conclusions about which refs or objects are
1325 responsible for disk usage. The size of a packed non-delta object may be
1326 much larger than the size of objects which delta against it, but the
1327 choice of which object is the base and which is the delta is arbitrary
1328 and is subject to change during a repack.</p></div>
1329 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note also that multiple copies of an object may be present in the object
1330 database; in this case, it is undefined which copy&#8217;s size or delta base
1331 will be reported.</p></div>
1332 </div>
1333 </div>
1334 <div class="sect1">
1335 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
1336 <div class="sectionbody">
1337 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
1338 </div>
1339 </div>
1340 </div>
1341 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
1342 <div id="footer">
1343 <div id="footer-text">
1344 Last updated
1345 2023-10-18 13:44:22 PDT
1346 </div>
1347 </div>
1348 </body>
1349 </html>