git-shortlog.html

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 735 <body class="manpage">
 736 <div id="header">
 737 <h1>
 738 git-shortlog(1) Manual Page
 739 </h1>
 740 <h2>NAME</h2>
 741 <div class="sectionbody">
 742 <p>git-shortlog -
 743    Summarize 'git log' output
 744 </p>
 745 </div>
 746 </div>
 747 <div id="content">
 748 <div class="sect1">
 749 <h2 id="_synopsis">SYNOPSIS</h2>
 750 <div class="sectionbody">
 751 <div class="verseblock">
 752 <pre class="content"><em>git shortlog</em> [&lt;options&gt;] [&lt;revision-range&gt;] [[--] &lt;path&gt;&#8230;]
 753 git log --pretty=short | <em>git shortlog</em> [&lt;options&gt;]</pre>
 754 <div class="attribution">
 755 </div></div>
 756 </div>
 757 </div>
 758 <div class="sect1">
 759 <h2 id="_description">DESCRIPTION</h2>
 760 <div class="sectionbody">
 761 <div class="paragraph"><p>Summarizes <em>git log</em> output in a format suitable for inclusion
 762 in release announcements. Each commit will be grouped by author and title.</p></div>
 763 <div class="paragraph"><p>Additionally, "[PATCH]" will be stripped from the commit description.</p></div>
 764 <div class="paragraph"><p>If no revisions are passed on the command line and either standard input
 765 is not a terminal or there is no current branch, <em>git shortlog</em> will
 766 output a summary of the log read from standard input, without
 767 reference to the current repository.</p></div>
 768 </div>
 769 </div>
 770 <div class="sect1">
 771 <h2 id="_options">OPTIONS</h2>
 772 <div class="sectionbody">
 773 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 774 <dt class="hdlist1">
 775 -n
 776 </dt>
 777 <dt class="hdlist1">
 778 --numbered
 779 </dt>
 780 <dd>
 781 <p>
 782         Sort output according to the number of commits per author instead
 783         of author alphabetic order.
 784 </p>
 785 </dd>
 786 <dt class="hdlist1">
 787 -s
 788 </dt>
 789 <dt class="hdlist1">
 790 --summary
 791 </dt>
 792 <dd>
 793 <p>
 794         Suppress commit description and provide a commit count summary only.
 795 </p>
 796 </dd>
 797 <dt class="hdlist1">
 798 -e
 799 </dt>
 800 <dt class="hdlist1">
 801 --email
 802 </dt>
 803 <dd>
 804 <p>
 805         Show the email address of each author.
 806 </p>
 807 </dd>
 808 <dt class="hdlist1">
 809 --format[=&lt;format&gt;]
 810 </dt>
 811 <dd>
 812 <p>
 813         Instead of the commit subject, use some other information to
 814         describe each commit.  <em>&lt;format&gt;</em> can be any string accepted
 815         by the <code>--format</code> option of <em>git log</em>, such as <em>* [%h] %s</em>.
 816         (See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section of <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>.)
 817 </p>
 818 <div class="literalblock">
 819 <div class="content">
 820 <pre><code>Each pretty-printed commit will be rewrapped before it is shown.</code></pre>
 821 </div></div>
 822 </dd>
 823 <dt class="hdlist1">
 824 --date=&lt;format&gt;
 825 </dt>
 826 <dd>
 827 <p>
 828         Show dates formatted according to the given date string. (See
 829         the <code>--date</code> option in the "Commit Formatting" section of
 830         <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>). Useful with <code>--group=format:&lt;format&gt;</code>.
 831 </p>
 832 </dd>
 833 <dt class="hdlist1">
 834 --group=&lt;type&gt;
 835 </dt>
 836 <dd>
 837 <p>
 838         Group commits based on <code>&lt;type&gt;</code>. If no <code>--group</code> option is
 839         specified, the default is <code>author</code>. <code>&lt;type&gt;</code> is one of:
 840 </p>
 841 <div class="openblock">
 842 <div class="content">
 843 <div class="ulist"><ul>
 844 <li>
 845 <p>
 846 <code>author</code>, commits are grouped by author
 847 </p>
 848 </li>
 849 <li>
 850 <p>
 851 <code>committer</code>, commits are grouped by committer (the same as <code>-c</code>)
 852 </p>
 853 </li>
 854 <li>
 855 <p>
 856 <code>trailer:&lt;field&gt;</code>, the <code>&lt;field&gt;</code> is interpreted as a case-insensitive
 857    commit message trailer (see <a href="git-interpret-trailers.html">git-interpret-trailers(1)</a>). For
 858    example, if your project uses <code>Reviewed-by</code> trailers, you might want
 859    to see who has been reviewing with
 860    <code>git shortlog -ns --group=trailer:reviewed-by</code>.
 861 </p>
 862 </li>
 863 <li>
 864 <p>
 865 <code>format:&lt;format&gt;</code>, any string accepted by the <code>--format</code> option of
 866    <em>git log</em>. (See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section of
 867    <a href="git-log.html">git-log(1)</a>.)
 868 </p>
 869 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that commits that do not include the trailer will not be counted.
 870 Likewise, commits with multiple trailers (e.g., multiple signoffs) may
 871 be counted more than once (but only once per unique trailer value in
 872 that commit).</p></div>
 873 <div class="paragraph"><p>Shortlog will attempt to parse each trailer value as a <code>name &lt;email&gt;</code>
 874 identity. If successful, the mailmap is applied and the email is omitted
 875 unless the <code>--email</code> option is specified. If the value cannot be parsed
 876 as an identity, it will be taken literally and completely.</p></div>
 877 </li>
 878 </ul></div>
 879 </div></div>
 880 <div class="paragraph"><p>If <code>--group</code> is specified multiple times, commits are counted under each
 881 value (but again, only once per unique value in that commit). For
 882 example, <code>git shortlog --group=author --group=trailer:co-authored-by</code>
 883 counts both authors and co-authors.</p></div>
 884 </dd>
 885 <dt class="hdlist1">
 886 -c
 887 </dt>
 888 <dt class="hdlist1">
 889 --committer
 890 </dt>
 891 <dd>
 892 <p>
 893         This is an alias for <code>--group=committer</code>.
 894 </p>
 895 </dd>
 896 <dt class="hdlist1">
 897 -w[&lt;width&gt;[,&lt;indent1&gt;[,&lt;indent2&gt;]]]
 898 </dt>
 899 <dd>
 900 <p>
 901         Linewrap the output by wrapping each line at <code>width</code>.  The first
 902         line of each entry is indented by <code>indent1</code> spaces, and the second
 903         and subsequent lines are indented by <code>indent2</code> spaces. <code>width</code>,
 904         <code>indent1</code>, and <code>indent2</code> default to 76, 6 and 9 respectively.
 905 </p>
 906 <div class="paragraph"><p>If width is <code>0</code> (zero) then indent the lines of the output without wrapping
 907 them.</p></div>
 908 </dd>
 909 <dt class="hdlist1">
 910 &lt;revision-range&gt;
 911 </dt>
 912 <dd>
 913 <p>
 914         Show only commits in the specified revision range.  When no
 915         &lt;revision-range&gt; is specified, it defaults to <code>HEAD</code> (i.e. the
 916         whole history leading to the current commit).  <code>origin..HEAD</code>
 917         specifies all the commits reachable from the current commit
 918         (i.e. <code>HEAD</code>), but not from <code>origin</code>. For a complete list of
 919         ways to spell &lt;revision-range&gt;, see the "Specifying Ranges"
 920         section of <a href="gitrevisions.html">gitrevisions(7)</a>.
 921 </p>
 922 </dd>
 923 <dt class="hdlist1">
 924 [--] &lt;path&gt;&#8230;
 925 </dt>
 926 <dd>
 927 <p>
 928         Consider only commits that are enough to explain how the files
 929         that match the specified paths came to be.
 930 </p>
 931 <div class="paragraph"><p>Paths may need to be prefixed with <code>--</code> to separate them from
 932 options or the revision range, when confusion arises.</p></div>
 933 </dd>
 934 </dl></div>
 935 <div class="sect2">
 936 <h3 id="_commit_limiting">Commit Limiting</h3>
 937 <div class="paragraph"><p>Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
 938 special notations explained in the description, additional commit
 939 limiting may be applied.</p></div>
 940 <div class="paragraph"><p>Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g.
 941 <code>--since=&lt;date1&gt;</code> limits to commits newer than <code>&lt;date1&gt;</code>, and using it
 942 with <code>--grep=&lt;pattern&gt;</code> further limits to commits whose log message
 943 has a line that matches <code>&lt;pattern&gt;</code>), unless otherwise noted.</p></div>
 944 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that these are applied before commit
 945 ordering and formatting options, such as <code>--reverse</code>.</p></div>
 946 <div class="dlist"><dl>
 947 <dt class="hdlist1">
 948 -&lt;number&gt;
 949 </dt>
 950 <dt class="hdlist1">
 951 -n &lt;number&gt;
 952 </dt>
 953 <dt class="hdlist1">
 954 --max-count=&lt;number&gt;
 955 </dt>
 956 <dd>
 957 <p>
 958         Limit the number of commits to output.
 959 </p>
 960 </dd>
 961 <dt class="hdlist1">
 962 --skip=&lt;number&gt;
 963 </dt>
 964 <dd>
 965 <p>
 966         Skip <em>number</em> commits before starting to show the commit output.
 967 </p>
 968 </dd>
 969 <dt class="hdlist1">
 970 --since=&lt;date&gt;
 971 </dt>
 972 <dt class="hdlist1">
 973 --after=&lt;date&gt;
 974 </dt>
 975 <dd>
 976 <p>
 977         Show commits more recent than a specific date.
 978 </p>
 979 </dd>
 980 <dt class="hdlist1">
 981 --since-as-filter=&lt;date&gt;
 982 </dt>
 983 <dd>
 984 <p>
 985         Show all commits more recent than a specific date. This visits
 986         all commits in the range, rather than stopping at the first commit which
 987         is older than a specific date.
 988 </p>
 989 </dd>
 990 <dt class="hdlist1">
 991 --until=&lt;date&gt;
 992 </dt>
 993 <dt class="hdlist1">
 994 --before=&lt;date&gt;
 995 </dt>
 996 <dd>
 997 <p>
 998         Show commits older than a specific date.
 999 </p>
1000 </dd>
1001 <dt class="hdlist1">
1002 --author=&lt;pattern&gt;
1003 </dt>
1004 <dt class="hdlist1">
1005 --committer=&lt;pattern&gt;
1006 </dt>
1007 <dd>
1008 <p>
1009         Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer
1010         header lines that match the specified pattern (regular
1011         expression).  With more than one <code>--author=&lt;pattern&gt;</code>,
1012         commits whose author matches any of the given patterns are
1013         chosen (similarly for multiple <code>--committer=&lt;pattern&gt;</code>).
1014 </p>
1015 </dd>
1016 <dt class="hdlist1">
1017 --grep-reflog=&lt;pattern&gt;
1018 </dt>
1019 <dd>
1020 <p>
1021         Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that
1022         match the specified pattern (regular expression). With
1023         more than one <code>--grep-reflog</code>, commits whose reflog message
1024         matches any of the given patterns are chosen.  It is an
1025         error to use this option unless <code>--walk-reflogs</code> is in use.
1026 </p>
1027 </dd>
1028 <dt class="hdlist1">
1029 --grep=&lt;pattern&gt;
1030 </dt>
1031 <dd>
1032 <p>
1033         Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that
1034         matches the specified pattern (regular expression).  With
1035         more than one <code>--grep=&lt;pattern&gt;</code>, commits whose message
1036         matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see
1037         <code>--all-match</code>).
1038 </p>
1039 <div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>--notes</code> is in effect, the message from the notes is
1040 matched as if it were part of the log message.</p></div>
1041 </dd>
1042 <dt class="hdlist1">
1043 --all-match
1044 </dt>
1045 <dd>
1046 <p>
1047         Limit the commits output to ones that match all given <code>--grep</code>,
1048         instead of ones that match at least one.
1049 </p>
1050 </dd>
1051 <dt class="hdlist1">
1052 --invert-grep
1053 </dt>
1054 <dd>
1055 <p>
1056         Limit the commits output to ones with a log message that do not
1057         match the pattern specified with <code>--grep=&lt;pattern&gt;</code>.
1058 </p>
1059 </dd>
1060 <dt class="hdlist1">
1061 -i
1062 </dt>
1063 <dt class="hdlist1">
1064 --regexp-ignore-case
1065 </dt>
1066 <dd>
1067 <p>
1068         Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter
1069         case.
1070 </p>
1071 </dd>
1072 <dt class="hdlist1">
1073 --basic-regexp
1074 </dt>
1075 <dd>
1076 <p>
1077         Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions;
1078         this is the default.
1079 </p>
1080 </dd>
1081 <dt class="hdlist1">
1082 -E
1083 </dt>
1084 <dt class="hdlist1">
1085 --extended-regexp
1086 </dt>
1087 <dd>
1088 <p>
1089         Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
1090         instead of the default basic regular expressions.
1091 </p>
1092 </dd>
1093 <dt class="hdlist1">
1094 -F
1095 </dt>
1096 <dt class="hdlist1">
1097 --fixed-strings
1098 </dt>
1099 <dd>
1100 <p>
1101         Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don&#8217;t interpret
1102         pattern as a regular expression).
1103 </p>
1104 </dd>
1105 <dt class="hdlist1">
1106 -P
1107 </dt>
1108 <dt class="hdlist1">
1109 --perl-regexp
1110 </dt>
1111 <dd>
1112 <p>
1113         Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular
1114         expressions.
1115 </p>
1116 <div class="paragraph"><p>Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional
1117 compile-time dependency. If Git wasn&#8217;t compiled with support for them
1118 providing this option will cause it to die.</p></div>
1119 </dd>
1120 <dt class="hdlist1">
1121 --remove-empty
1122 </dt>
1123 <dd>
1124 <p>
1125         Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.
1126 </p>
1127 </dd>
1128 <dt class="hdlist1">
1129 --merges
1130 </dt>
1131 <dd>
1132 <p>
1133         Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as <code>--min-parents=2</code>.
1134 </p>
1135 </dd>
1136 <dt class="hdlist1">
1137 --no-merges
1138 </dt>
1139 <dd>
1140 <p>
1141         Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is
1142         exactly the same as <code>--max-parents=1</code>.
1143 </p>
1144 </dd>
1145 <dt class="hdlist1">
1146 --min-parents=&lt;number&gt;
1147 </dt>
1148 <dt class="hdlist1">
1149 --max-parents=&lt;number&gt;
1150 </dt>
1151 <dt class="hdlist1">
1152 --no-min-parents
1153 </dt>
1154 <dt class="hdlist1">
1155 --no-max-parents
1156 </dt>
1157 <dd>
1158 <p>
1159         Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent
1160         commits. In particular, <code>--max-parents=1</code> is the same as <code>--no-merges</code>,
1161         <code>--min-parents=2</code> is the same as <code>--merges</code>.  <code>--max-parents=0</code>
1162         gives all root commits and <code>--min-parents=3</code> all octopus merges.
1163 </p>
1164 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>--no-min-parents</code> and <code>--no-max-parents</code> reset these limits (to no limit)
1165 again.  Equivalent forms are <code>--min-parents=0</code> (any commit has 0 or more
1166 parents) and <code>--max-parents=-1</code> (negative numbers denote no upper limit).</p></div>
1167 </dd>
1168 <dt class="hdlist1">
1169 --first-parent
1170 </dt>
1171 <dd>
1172 <p>
1173         When finding commits to include, follow only the first
1174         parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.  This option
1175         can give a better overview when viewing the evolution of
1176         a particular topic branch, because merges into a topic
1177         branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream
1178         from time to time, and this option allows you to ignore
1179         the individual commits brought in to your history by such
1180         a merge.
1181 </p>
1182 </dd>
1183 <dt class="hdlist1">
1184 --exclude-first-parent-only
1185 </dt>
1186 <dd>
1187 <p>
1188         When finding commits to exclude (with a <em>&#94;</em>), follow only
1189         the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit.
1190         This can be used to find the set of changes in a topic branch
1191         from the point where it diverged from the remote branch, given
1192         that arbitrary merges can be valid topic branch changes.
1193 </p>
1194 </dd>
1195 <dt class="hdlist1">
1196 --not
1197 </dt>
1198 <dd>
1199 <p>
1200         Reverses the meaning of the <em>&#94;</em> prefix (or lack thereof)
1201         for all following revision specifiers, up to the next <code>--not</code>.
1202         When used on the command line before --stdin, the revisions passed
1203         through stdin will not be affected by it. Conversely, when passed
1204         via standard input, the revisions passed on the command line will
1205         not be affected by it.
1206 </p>
1207 </dd>
1208 <dt class="hdlist1">
1209 --all
1210 </dt>
1211 <dd>
1212 <p>
1213         Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/</code>, along with <code>HEAD</code>, are
1214         listed on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>.
1215 </p>
1216 </dd>
1217 <dt class="hdlist1">
1218 --branches[=&lt;pattern&gt;]
1219 </dt>
1220 <dd>
1221 <p>
1222         Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/heads</code> are listed
1223         on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
1224         branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>,
1225         <em>&#42;</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/&#42;</em> at the end is implied.
1226 </p>
1227 </dd>
1228 <dt class="hdlist1">
1229 --tags[=&lt;pattern&gt;]
1230 </dt>
1231 <dd>
1232 <p>
1233         Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/tags</code> are listed
1234         on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
1235         tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>&#42;</em>,
1236         or <em>[</em>, <em>/&#42;</em> at the end is implied.
1237 </p>
1238 </dd>
1239 <dt class="hdlist1">
1240 --remotes[=&lt;pattern&gt;]
1241 </dt>
1242 <dd>
1243 <p>
1244         Pretend as if all the refs in <code>refs/remotes</code> are listed
1245         on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. If <em>&lt;pattern&gt;</em> is given, limit
1246         remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob.
1247         If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>&#42;</em>, or <em>[</em>, <em>/&#42;</em> at the end is implied.
1248 </p>
1249 </dd>
1250 <dt class="hdlist1">
1251 --glob=&lt;glob-pattern&gt;
1252 </dt>
1253 <dd>
1254 <p>
1255         Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em>
1256         are listed on the command line as <em>&lt;commit&gt;</em>. Leading <em>refs/</em>,
1257         is automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks <em>?</em>, <em>&#42;</em>,
1258         or <em>[</em>, <em>/&#42;</em> at the end is implied.
1259 </p>
1260 </dd>
1261 <dt class="hdlist1">
1262 --exclude=&lt;glob-pattern&gt;
1263 </dt>
1264 <dd>
1265 <p>
1266         Do not include refs matching <em>&lt;glob-pattern&gt;</em> that the next <code>--all</code>,
1267         <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or <code>--glob</code> would otherwise
1268         consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate exclusion patterns
1269         up to the next <code>--all</code>, <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, <code>--remotes</code>, or
1270         <code>--glob</code> option (other options or arguments do not clear
1271         accumulated patterns).
1272 </p>
1273 <div class="paragraph"><p>The patterns given should not begin with <code>refs/heads</code>, <code>refs/tags</code>, or
1274 <code>refs/remotes</code> when applied to <code>--branches</code>, <code>--tags</code>, or <code>--remotes</code>,
1275 respectively, and they must begin with <code>refs/</code> when applied to <code>--glob</code>
1276 or <code>--all</code>. If a trailing <em>/&#42;</em> is intended, it must be given
1277 explicitly.</p></div>
1278 </dd>
1279 <dt class="hdlist1">
1280 --exclude-hidden=[fetch|receive|uploadpack]
1281 </dt>
1282 <dd>
1283 <p>
1284         Do not include refs that would be hidden by <code>git-fetch</code>,
1285         <code>git-receive-pack</code> or <code>git-upload-pack</code> by consulting the appropriate
1286         <code>fetch.hideRefs</code>, <code>receive.hideRefs</code> or <code>uploadpack.hideRefs</code>
1287         configuration along with <code>transfer.hideRefs</code> (see
1288         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>). This option affects the next pseudo-ref option
1289         <code>--all</code> or <code>--glob</code> and is cleared after processing them.
1290 </p>
1291 </dd>
1292 <dt class="hdlist1">
1293 --reflog
1294 </dt>
1295 <dd>
1296 <p>
1297         Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the
1298         command line as <code>&lt;commit&gt;</code>.
1299 </p>
1300 </dd>
1301 <dt class="hdlist1">
1302 --alternate-refs
1303 </dt>
1304 <dd>
1305 <p>
1306         Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate
1307         repositories were listed on the command line. An alternate
1308         repository is any repository whose object directory is specified
1309         in <code>objects/info/alternates</code>.  The set of included objects may
1310         be modified by <code>core.alternateRefsCommand</code>, etc. See
1311         <a href="git-config.html">git-config(1)</a>.
1312 </p>
1313 </dd>
1314 <dt class="hdlist1">
1315 --single-worktree
1316 </dt>
1317 <dd>
1318 <p>
1319         By default, all working trees will be examined by the
1320         following options when there are more than one (see
1321         <a href="git-worktree.html">git-worktree(1)</a>): <code>--all</code>, <code>--reflog</code> and
1322         <code>--indexed-objects</code>.
1323         This option forces them to examine the current working tree
1324         only.
1325 </p>
1326 </dd>
1327 <dt class="hdlist1">
1328 --ignore-missing
1329 </dt>
1330 <dd>
1331 <p>
1332         Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if
1333         the bad input was not given.
1334 </p>
1335 </dd>
1336 <dt class="hdlist1">
1337 --bisect
1338 </dt>
1339 <dd>
1340 <p>
1341         Pretend as if the bad bisection ref <code>refs/bisect/bad</code>
1342         was listed and as if it was followed by <code>--not</code> and the good
1343         bisection refs <code>refs/bisect/good-*</code> on the command
1344         line.
1345 </p>
1346 </dd>
1347 <dt class="hdlist1">
1348 --stdin
1349 </dt>
1350 <dd>
1351 <p>
1352         In addition to getting arguments from the command line, read
1353         them from standard input as well. This accepts commits and
1354         pseudo-options like <code>--all</code> and <code>--glob=</code>. When a <code>--</code> separator
1355         is seen, the following input is treated as paths and used to
1356         limit the result. Flags like <code>--not</code> which are read via standard input
1357         are only respected for arguments passed in the same way and will not
1358         influence any subsequent command line arguments.
1359 </p>
1360 </dd>
1361 <dt class="hdlist1">
1362 --cherry-mark
1363 </dt>
1364 <dd>
1365 <p>
1366         Like <code>--cherry-pick</code> (see below) but mark equivalent commits
1367         with <code>=</code> rather than omitting them, and inequivalent ones with <code>+</code>.
1368 </p>
1369 </dd>
1370 <dt class="hdlist1">
1371 --cherry-pick
1372 </dt>
1373 <dd>
1374 <p>
1375         Omit any commit that introduces the same change as
1376         another commit on the &#8220;other side&#8221; when the set of
1377         commits are limited with symmetric difference.
1378 </p>
1379 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, if you have two branches, <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>, a usual way
1380 to list all commits on only one side of them is with
1381 <code>--left-right</code> (see the example below in the description of
1382 the <code>--left-right</code> option). However, it shows the commits that were
1383 cherry-picked from the other branch (for example, &#8220;3rd on b&#8221; may be
1384 cherry-picked from branch A). With this option, such pairs of commits are
1385 excluded from the output.</p></div>
1386 </dd>
1387 <dt class="hdlist1">
1388 --left-only
1389 </dt>
1390 <dt class="hdlist1">
1391 --right-only
1392 </dt>
1393 <dd>
1394 <p>
1395         List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference,
1396         i.e. only those which would be marked <code>&lt;</code> resp. <code>&gt;</code> by
1397         <code>--left-right</code>.
1398 </p>
1399 <div class="paragraph"><p>For example, <code>--cherry-pick --right-only A...B</code> omits those
1400 commits from <code>B</code> which are in <code>A</code> or are patch-equivalent to a commit in
1401 <code>A</code>. In other words, this lists the <code>+</code> commits from <code>git cherry A B</code>.
1402 More precisely, <code>--cherry-pick --right-only --no-merges</code> gives the exact
1403 list.</p></div>
1404 </dd>
1405 <dt class="hdlist1">
1406 --cherry
1407 </dt>
1408 <dd>
1409 <p>
1410         A synonym for <code>--right-only --cherry-mark --no-merges</code>; useful to
1411         limit the output to the commits on our side and mark those that
1412         have been applied to the other side of a forked history with
1413         <code>git log --cherry upstream...mybranch</code>, similar to
1414         <code>git cherry upstream mybranch</code>.
1415 </p>
1416 </dd>
1417 <dt class="hdlist1">
1418 -g
1419 </dt>
1420 <dt class="hdlist1">
1421 --walk-reflogs
1422 </dt>
1423 <dd>
1424 <p>
1425         Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk
1426         reflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.
1427         When this option is used you cannot specify commits to
1428         exclude (that is, <em>&#94;commit</em>, <em>commit1..commit2</em>,
1429         and <em>commit1...commit2</em> notations cannot be used).
1430 </p>
1431 <div class="paragraph"><p>With <code>--pretty</code> format other than <code>oneline</code> and <code>reference</code> (for obvious reasons),
1432 this causes the output to have two extra lines of information
1433 taken from the reflog.  The reflog designator in the output may be shown
1434 as <code>ref@{&lt;Nth&gt;}</code> (where <em>&lt;Nth&gt;</em> is the reverse-chronological index in the
1435 reflog) or as <code>ref@{&lt;timestamp&gt;}</code> (with the <em>&lt;timestamp&gt;</em> for that entry),
1436 depending on a few rules:</p></div>
1437 <div class="openblock">
1438 <div class="content">
1439 <div class="olist arabic"><ol class="arabic">
1440 <li>
1441 <p>
1442 If the starting point is specified as <code>ref@{&lt;Nth&gt;}</code>, show the index
1443    format.
1444 </p>
1445 </li>
1446 <li>
1447 <p>
1448 If the starting point was specified as <code>ref@{now}</code>, show the
1449    timestamp format.
1450 </p>
1451 </li>
1452 <li>
1453 <p>
1454 If neither was used, but <code>--date</code> was given on the command line, show
1455    the timestamp in the format requested by <code>--date</code>.
1456 </p>
1457 </li>
1458 <li>
1459 <p>
1460 Otherwise, show the index format.
1461 </p>
1462 </li>
1463 </ol></div>
1464 </div></div>
1465 <div class="paragraph"><p>Under <code>--pretty=oneline</code>, the commit message is
1466 prefixed with this information on the same line.
1467 This option cannot be combined with <code>--reverse</code>.
1468 See also <a href="git-reflog.html">git-reflog(1)</a>.</p></div>
1469 <div class="paragraph"><p>Under <code>--pretty=reference</code>, this information will not be shown at all.</p></div>
1470 </dd>
1471 <dt class="hdlist1">
1472 --merge
1473 </dt>
1474 <dd>
1475 <p>
1476         Show commits touching conflicted paths in the range <code>HEAD...&lt;other&gt;</code>,
1477         where <code>&lt;other&gt;</code> is the first existing pseudoref in <code>MERGE_HEAD</code>,
1478         <code>CHERRY_PICK_HEAD</code>, <code>REVERT_HEAD</code> or <code>REBASE_HEAD</code>. Only works
1479         when the index has unmerged entries. This option can be used to show
1480         relevant commits when resolving conflicts from a 3-way merge.
1481 </p>
1482 </dd>
1483 <dt class="hdlist1">
1484 --boundary
1485 </dt>
1486 <dd>
1487 <p>
1488         Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are
1489         prefixed with <code>-</code>.
1490 </p>
1491 </dd>
1492 </dl></div>
1493 </div>
1494 <div class="sect2">
1495 <h3 id="_history_simplification">History Simplification</h3>
1496 <div class="paragraph"><p>Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the
1497 commits modifying a particular &lt;path&gt;. But there are two parts of
1498 <em>History Simplification</em>, one part is selecting the commits and the other
1499 is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the history.</p></div>
1500 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following options select the commits to be shown:</p></div>
1501 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1502 <dt class="hdlist1">
1503 &lt;paths&gt;
1504 </dt>
1505 <dd>
1506 <p>
1507         Commits modifying the given &lt;paths&gt; are selected.
1508 </p>
1509 </dd>
1510 <dt class="hdlist1">
1511 --simplify-by-decoration
1512 </dt>
1513 <dd>
1514 <p>
1515         Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.
1516 </p>
1517 </dd>
1518 </dl></div>
1519 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.</p></div>
1520 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:</p></div>
1521 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1522 <dt class="hdlist1">
1523 Default mode
1524 </dt>
1525 <dd>
1526 <p>
1527         Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the
1528         final state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side
1529         branches if the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches
1530         with the same content)
1531 </p>
1532 </dd>
1533 <dt class="hdlist1">
1534 --show-pulls
1535 </dt>
1536 <dd>
1537 <p>
1538         Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge
1539         commits that are not TREESAME to the first parent but are
1540         TREESAME to a later parent. This mode is helpful for showing
1541         the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch.
1542 </p>
1543 </dd>
1544 <dt class="hdlist1">
1545 --full-history
1546 </dt>
1547 <dd>
1548 <p>
1549         Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.
1550 </p>
1551 </dd>
1552 <dt class="hdlist1">
1553 --dense
1554 </dt>
1555 <dd>
1556 <p>
1557         Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a
1558         meaningful history.
1559 </p>
1560 </dd>
1561 <dt class="hdlist1">
1562 --sparse
1563 </dt>
1564 <dd>
1565 <p>
1566         All commits in the simplified history are shown.
1567 </p>
1568 </dd>
1569 <dt class="hdlist1">
1570 --simplify-merges
1571 </dt>
1572 <dd>
1573 <p>
1574         Additional option to <code>--full-history</code> to remove some needless
1575         merges from the resulting history, as there are no selected
1576         commits contributing to this merge.
1577 </p>
1578 </dd>
1579 <dt class="hdlist1">
1580 --ancestry-path[=&lt;commit&gt;]
1581 </dt>
1582 <dd>
1583 <p>
1584         When given a range of commits to display (e.g. <em>commit1..commit2</em>
1585         or <em>commit2 &#94;commit1</em>), only display commits in that range
1586         that are ancestors of &lt;commit&gt;, descendants of &lt;commit&gt;, or
1587         &lt;commit&gt; itself.  If no commit is specified, use <em>commit1</em> (the
1588         excluded part of the range) as &lt;commit&gt;.  Can be passed multiple
1589         times; if so, a commit is included if it is any of the commits
1590         given or if it is an ancestor or descendant of one of them.
1591 </p>
1592 </dd>
1593 </dl></div>
1594 <div class="paragraph"><p>A more detailed explanation follows.</p></div>
1595 <div class="paragraph"><p>Suppose you specified <code>foo</code> as the &lt;paths&gt;.  We shall call commits
1596 that modify <code>foo</code> !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME.  (In a diff
1597 filtered for <code>foo</code>, they look different and equal, respectively.)</p></div>
1598 <div class="paragraph"><p>In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to
1599 illustrate the differences between simplification settings.  We assume
1600 that you are filtering for a file <code>foo</code> in this commit graph:</p></div>
1601 <div class="listingblock">
1602 <div class="content">
1603 <pre><code>          .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
1604          /     /   /   /   /   /
1605         I     B   C   D   E   Y
1606          \   /   /   /   /   /
1607           `-------------'   X</code></pre>
1608 </div></div>
1609 <div class="paragraph"><p>The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of
1610 each merge.  The commits are:</p></div>
1611 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1612 <li>
1613 <p>
1614 <code>I</code> is the initial commit, in which <code>foo</code> exists with contents
1615   &#8220;asdf&#8221;, and a file <code>quux</code> exists with contents &#8220;quux&#8221;. Initial
1616   commits are compared to an empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.
1617 </p>
1618 </li>
1619 <li>
1620 <p>
1621 In <code>A</code>, <code>foo</code> contains just &#8220;foo&#8221;.
1622 </p>
1623 </li>
1624 <li>
1625 <p>
1626 <code>B</code> contains the same change as <code>A</code>.  Its merge <code>M</code> is trivial and
1627   hence TREESAME to all parents.
1628 </p>
1629 </li>
1630 <li>
1631 <p>
1632 <code>C</code> does not change <code>foo</code>, but its merge <code>N</code> changes it to &#8220;foobar&#8221;,
1633   so it is not TREESAME to any parent.
1634 </p>
1635 </li>
1636 <li>
1637 <p>
1638 <code>D</code> sets <code>foo</code> to &#8220;baz&#8221;. Its merge <code>O</code> combines the strings from
1639   <code>N</code> and <code>D</code> to &#8220;foobarbaz&#8221;; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
1640 </p>
1641 </li>
1642 <li>
1643 <p>
1644 <code>E</code> changes <code>quux</code> to &#8220;xyzzy&#8221;, and its merge <code>P</code> combines the
1645   strings to &#8220;quux xyzzy&#8221;. <code>P</code> is TREESAME to <code>O</code>, but not to <code>E</code>.
1646 </p>
1647 </li>
1648 <li>
1649 <p>
1650 <code>X</code> is an independent root commit that added a new file <code>side</code>, and <code>Y</code>
1651   modified it. <code>Y</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code>. Its merge <code>Q</code> added <code>side</code> to <code>P</code>, and
1652   <code>Q</code> is TREESAME to <code>P</code>, but not to <code>Y</code>.
1653 </p>
1654 </li>
1655 </ul></div>
1656 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>rev-list</code> walks backwards through history, including or excluding
1657 commits based on whether <code>--full-history</code> and/or parent rewriting
1658 (via <code>--parents</code> or <code>--children</code>) are used. The following settings
1659 are available.</p></div>
1660 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1661 <dt class="hdlist1">
1662 Default mode
1663 </dt>
1664 <dd>
1665 <p>
1666         Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent
1667         (though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below).  If the
1668         commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow
1669         only that parent.  (Even if there are several TREESAME
1670         parents, follow only one of them.)  Otherwise, follow all
1671         parents.
1672 </p>
1673 <div class="paragraph"><p>This results in:</p></div>
1674 <div class="listingblock">
1675 <div class="content">
1676 <pre><code>          .-A---N---O
1677          /     /   /
1678         I---------D</code></pre>
1679 </div></div>
1680 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
1681 available, removed <code>B</code> from consideration entirely.  <code>C</code> was
1682 considered via <code>N</code>, but is TREESAME.  Root commits are compared to an
1683 empty tree, so <code>I</code> is !TREESAME.</p></div>
1684 <div class="paragraph"><p>Parent/child relations are only visible with <code>--parents</code>, but that does
1685 not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the
1686 parent lines.</p></div>
1687 </dd>
1688 <dt class="hdlist1">
1689 --full-history without parent rewriting
1690 </dt>
1691 <dd>
1692 <p>
1693         This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow
1694         all parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them.
1695         Even if more than one side of the merge has commits that are
1696         included, this does not imply that the merge itself is!  In
1697         the example, we get
1698 </p>
1699 <div class="listingblock">
1700 <div class="content">
1701 <pre><code>        I  A  B  N  D  O  P  Q</code></pre>
1702 </div></div>
1703 <div class="paragraph"><p><code>M</code> was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents.  <code>E</code>,
1704 <code>C</code> and <code>B</code> were all walked, but only <code>B</code> was !TREESAME, so the others
1705 do not appear.</p></div>
1706 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk
1707 about the parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show
1708 them disconnected.</p></div>
1709 </dd>
1710 <dt class="hdlist1">
1711 --full-history with parent rewriting
1712 </dt>
1713 <dd>
1714 <p>
1715         Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME
1716         (though this can be changed, see <code>--sparse</code> below).
1717 </p>
1718 <div class="paragraph"><p>Merges are always included.  However, their parent list is rewritten:
1719 Along each parent, prune away commits that are not included
1720 themselves.  This results in</p></div>
1721 <div class="listingblock">
1722 <div class="content">
1723 <pre><code>          .-A---M---N---O---P---Q
1724          /     /   /   /   /
1725         I     B   /   D   /
1726          \   /   /   /   /
1727           `-------------'</code></pre>
1728 </div></div>
1729 <div class="paragraph"><p>Compare to <code>--full-history</code> without rewriting above.  Note that <code>E</code>
1730 was pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
1731 rewritten to contain <code>E</code>'s parent <code>I</code>.  The same happened for <code>C</code> and
1732 <code>N</code>, and <code>X</code>, <code>Y</code> and <code>Q</code>.</p></div>
1733 </dd>
1734 </dl></div>
1735 <div class="paragraph"><p>In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
1736 affects inclusion:</p></div>
1737 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1738 <dt class="hdlist1">
1739 --dense
1740 </dt>
1741 <dd>
1742 <p>
1743         Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME
1744         to any parent.
1745 </p>
1746 </dd>
1747 <dt class="hdlist1">
1748 --sparse
1749 </dt>
1750 <dd>
1751 <p>
1752         All commits that are walked are included.
1753 </p>
1754 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that without <code>--full-history</code>, this still simplifies merges: if
1755 one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other
1756 sides of the merge are never walked.</p></div>
1757 </dd>
1758 <dt class="hdlist1">
1759 --simplify-merges
1760 </dt>
1761 <dd>
1762 <p>
1763         First, build a history graph in the same way that
1764         <code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting does (see above).
1765 </p>
1766 <div class="paragraph"><p>Then simplify each commit <code>C</code> to its replacement <code>C'</code> in the final
1767 history according to the following rules:</p></div>
1768 <div class="openblock">
1769 <div class="content">
1770 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1771 <li>
1772 <p>
1773 Set <code>C'</code> to <code>C</code>.
1774 </p>
1775 </li>
1776 <li>
1777 <p>
1778 Replace each parent <code>P</code> of <code>C'</code> with its simplification <code>P'</code>.  In
1779   the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are
1780   root commits TREESAME to an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care
1781   to never drop all parents that we are TREESAME to.
1782 </p>
1783 </li>
1784 <li>
1785 <p>
1786 If after this parent rewriting, <code>C'</code> is a root or merge commit (has
1787   zero or &gt;1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains.
1788   Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.
1789 </p>
1790 </li>
1791 </ul></div>
1792 </div></div>
1793 <div class="paragraph"><p>The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
1794 <code>--full-history</code> with parent rewriting.  The example turns into:</p></div>
1795 <div class="listingblock">
1796 <div class="content">
1797 <pre><code>          .-A---M---N---O
1798          /     /       /
1799         I     B       D
1800          \   /       /
1801           `---------'</code></pre>
1802 </div></div>
1803 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note the major differences in <code>N</code>, <code>P</code>, and <code>Q</code> over <code>--full-history</code>:</p></div>
1804 <div class="openblock">
1805 <div class="content">
1806 <div class="ulist"><ul>
1807 <li>
1808 <p>
1809 <code>N</code>'s parent list had <code>I</code> removed, because it is an ancestor of the
1810   other parent <code>M</code>.  Still, <code>N</code> remained because it is !TREESAME.
1811 </p>
1812 </li>
1813 <li>
1814 <p>
1815 <code>P</code>'s parent list similarly had <code>I</code> removed.  <code>P</code> was then
1816   removed completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.
1817 </p>
1818 </li>
1819 <li>
1820 <p>
1821 <code>Q</code>'s parent list had <code>Y</code> simplified to <code>X</code>. <code>X</code> was then removed, because it
1822   was a TREESAME root. <code>Q</code> was then removed completely, because it had one
1823   parent and is TREESAME.
1824 </p>
1825 </li>
1826 </ul></div>
1827 </div></div>
1828 </dd>
1829 </dl></div>
1830 <div class="paragraph"><p>There is another simplification mode available:</p></div>
1831 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1832 <dt class="hdlist1">
1833 --ancestry-path[=&lt;commit&gt;]
1834 </dt>
1835 <dd>
1836 <p>
1837         Limit the displayed commits to those which are an ancestor of
1838         &lt;commit&gt;, or which are a descendant of &lt;commit&gt;, or are &lt;commit&gt;
1839         itself.
1840 </p>
1841 <div class="paragraph"><p>As an example use case, consider the following commit history:</p></div>
1842 <div class="listingblock">
1843 <div class="content">
1844 <pre><code>            D---E-------F
1845            /     \       \
1846           B---C---G---H---I---J
1847          /                     \
1848         A-------K---------------L--M</code></pre>
1849 </div></div>
1850 <div class="paragraph"><p>A regular <em>D..M</em> computes the set of commits that are ancestors of <code>M</code>,
1851 but excludes the ones that are ancestors of <code>D</code>. This is useful to see
1852 what happened to the history leading to <code>M</code> since <code>D</code>, in the sense
1853 that &#8220;what does <code>M</code> have that did not exist in <code>D</code>&#8221;. The result in this
1854 example would be all the commits, except <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> (and <code>D</code> itself,
1855 of course).</p></div>
1856 <div class="paragraph"><p>When we want to find out what commits in <code>M</code> are contaminated with the
1857 bug introduced by <code>D</code> and need fixing, however, we might want to view
1858 only the subset of <em>D..M</em> that are actually descendants of <code>D</code>, i.e.
1859 excluding <code>C</code> and <code>K</code>. This is exactly what the <code>--ancestry-path</code>
1860 option does. Applied to the <em>D..M</em> range, it results in:</p></div>
1861 <div class="listingblock">
1862 <div class="content">
1863 <pre><code>                E-------F
1864                  \       \
1865                   G---H---I---J
1866                                \
1867                                 L--M</code></pre>
1868 </div></div>
1869 <div class="paragraph"><p>We can also use <code>--ancestry-path=D</code> instead of <code>--ancestry-path</code> which
1870 means the same thing when applied to the <em>D..M</em> range but is just more
1871 explicit.</p></div>
1872 <div class="paragraph"><p>If we instead are interested in a given topic within this range, and all
1873 commits affected by that topic, we may only want to view the subset of
1874 <code>D..M</code> which contain that topic in their ancestry path.  So, using
1875 <code>--ancestry-path=H D..M</code> for example would result in:</p></div>
1876 <div class="listingblock">
1877 <div class="content">
1878 <pre><code>                E
1879                  \
1880                   G---H---I---J
1881                                \
1882                                 L--M</code></pre>
1883 </div></div>
1884 <div class="paragraph"><p>Whereas <code>--ancestry-path=K D..M</code> would result in</p></div>
1885 <div class="listingblock">
1886 <div class="content">
1887 <pre><code>                K---------------L--M</code></pre>
1888 </div></div>
1889 </dd>
1890 </dl></div>
1891 <div class="paragraph"><p>Before discussing another option, <code>--show-pulls</code>, we need to
1892 create a new example history.</p></div>
1893 <div class="paragraph"><p>A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that a
1894 commit they know changed a file somehow does not appear in the file&#8217;s
1895 simplified history. Let&#8217;s demonstrate a new example and show how options
1896 such as <code>--full-history</code> and <code>--simplify-merges</code> works in that case:</p></div>
1897 <div class="listingblock">
1898 <div class="content">
1899 <pre><code>          .-A---M-----C--N---O---P
1900          /     / \  \  \/   /   /
1901         I     B   \  R-'`-Z'   /
1902          \   /     \/         /
1903           \ /      /\        /
1904            `---X--'  `---Y--'</code></pre>
1905 </div></div>
1906 <div class="paragraph"><p>For this example, suppose <code>I</code> created <code>file.txt</code> which was modified by
1907 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code> in different ways. The single-parent commits <code>C</code>, <code>Z</code>,
1908 and <code>Y</code> do not change <code>file.txt</code>. The merge commit <code>M</code> was created by
1909 resolving the merge conflict to include both changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code>
1910 and hence is not TREESAME to either. The merge commit <code>R</code>, however, was
1911 created by ignoring the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>M</code> and taking only
1912 the contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>X</code>. Hence, <code>R</code> is TREESAME to <code>X</code> but not
1913 <code>M</code>. Finally, the natural merge resolution to create <code>N</code> is to take the
1914 contents of <code>file.txt</code> at <code>R</code>, so <code>N</code> is TREESAME to <code>R</code> but not <code>C</code>.
1915 The merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are TREESAME to their first parents, but
1916 not to their second parents, <code>Z</code> and <code>Y</code> respectively.</p></div>
1917 <div class="paragraph"><p>When using the default mode, <code>N</code> and <code>R</code> both have a TREESAME parent, so
1918 those edges are walked and the others are ignored. The resulting history
1919 graph is:</p></div>
1920 <div class="listingblock">
1921 <div class="content">
1922 <pre><code>        I---X</code></pre>
1923 </div></div>
1924 <div class="paragraph"><p>When using <code>--full-history</code>, Git walks every edge. This will discover
1925 the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> and the merge <code>M</code>, but also will reveal the
1926 merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>. With parent rewriting, the resulting graph is:</p></div>
1927 <div class="listingblock">
1928 <div class="content">
1929 <pre><code>          .-A---M--------N---O---P
1930          /     / \  \  \/   /   /
1931         I     B   \  R-'`--'   /
1932          \   /     \/         /
1933           \ /      /\        /
1934            `---X--'  `------'</code></pre>
1935 </div></div>
1936 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here, the merge commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> contribute extra noise, as they did
1937 not actually contribute a change to <code>file.txt</code>. They only merged a topic
1938 that was based on an older version of <code>file.txt</code>. This is a common
1939 issue in repositories using a workflow where many contributors work in
1940 parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: many
1941 unrelated merges appear in the <code>--full-history</code> results.</p></div>
1942 <div class="paragraph"><p>When using the <code>--simplify-merges</code> option, the commits <code>O</code> and <code>P</code>
1943 disappear from the results. This is because the rewritten second parents
1944 of <code>O</code> and <code>P</code> are reachable from their first parents. Those edges are
1945 removed and then the commits look like single-parent commits that are
1946 TREESAME to their parent. This also happens to the commit <code>N</code>, resulting
1947 in a history view as follows:</p></div>
1948 <div class="listingblock">
1949 <div class="content">
1950 <pre><code>          .-A---M--.
1951          /     /    \
1952         I     B      R
1953          \   /      /
1954           \ /      /
1955            `---X--'</code></pre>
1956 </div></div>
1957 <div class="paragraph"><p>In this view, we see all of the important single-parent changes from
1958 <code>A</code>, <code>B</code>, and <code>X</code>. We also see the carefully-resolved merge <code>M</code> and the
1959 not-so-carefully-resolved merge <code>R</code>. This is usually enough information
1960 to determine why the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> "disappeared" from history in
1961 the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach.</p></div>
1962 <div class="paragraph"><p>The first issue is performance. Unlike any previous option, the
1963 <code>--simplify-merges</code> option requires walking the entire commit history
1964 before returning a single result. This can make the option difficult to
1965 use for very large repositories.</p></div>
1966 <div class="paragraph"><p>The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working
1967 on the same repository, it is important which merge commits introduced
1968 a change into an important branch. The problematic merge <code>R</code> above is
1969 not likely to be the merge commit that was used to merge into an
1970 important branch. Instead, the merge <code>N</code> was used to merge <code>R</code> and <code>X</code>
1971 into the important branch. This commit may have information about why
1972 the change <code>X</code> came to override the changes from <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> in its
1973 commit message.</p></div>
1974 <div class="dlist"><dl>
1975 <dt class="hdlist1">
1976 --show-pulls
1977 </dt>
1978 <dd>
1979 <p>
1980         In addition to the commits shown in the default history, show
1981         each merge commit that is not TREESAME to its first parent but
1982         is TREESAME to a later parent.
1983 </p>
1984 <div class="paragraph"><p>When a merge commit is included by <code>--show-pulls</code>, the merge is
1985 treated as if it "pulled" the change from another branch. When using
1986 <code>--show-pulls</code> on this example (and no other options) the resulting
1987 graph is:</p></div>
1988 <div class="listingblock">
1989 <div class="content">
1990 <pre><code>        I---X---R---N</code></pre>
1991 </div></div>
1992 <div class="paragraph"><p>Here, the merge commits <code>R</code> and <code>N</code> are included because they pulled
1993 the commits <code>X</code> and <code>R</code> into the base branch, respectively. These
1994 merges are the reason the commits <code>A</code> and <code>B</code> do not appear in the
1995 default history.</p></div>
1996 <div class="paragraph"><p>When <code>--show-pulls</code> is paired with <code>--simplify-merges</code>, the
1997 graph includes all of the necessary information:</p></div>
1998 <div class="listingblock">
1999 <div class="content">
2000 <pre><code>          .-A---M--.   N
2001          /     /    \ /
2002         I     B      R
2003          \   /      /
2004           \ /      /
2005            `---X--'</code></pre>
2006 </div></div>
2007 <div class="paragraph"><p>Notice that since <code>M</code> is reachable from <code>R</code>, the edge from <code>N</code> to <code>M</code>
2008 was simplified away. However, <code>N</code> still appears in the history as an
2009 important commit because it "pulled" the change <code>R</code> into the main
2010 branch.</p></div>
2011 </dd>
2012 </dl></div>
2013 <div class="paragraph"><p>The <code>--simplify-by-decoration</code> option allows you to view only the
2014 big picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits
2015 that are not referenced by tags.  Commits are marked as !TREESAME
2016 (in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
2017 above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the
2018 contents of the paths given on the command line.  All other
2019 commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).</p></div>
2020 </div>
2021 </div>
2022 </div>
2023 <div class="sect1">
2024 <h2 id="_mapping_authors">MAPPING AUTHORS</h2>
2025 <div class="sectionbody">
2026 <div class="paragraph"><p>See <a href="gitmailmap.html">gitmailmap(5)</a>.</p></div>
2027 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that if <code>git shortlog</code> is run outside of a repository (to process
2028 log contents on standard input), it will look for a <code>.mailmap</code> file in
2029 the current directory.</p></div>
2030 </div>
2031 </div>
2032 <div class="sect1">
2033 <h2 id="_git">GIT</h2>
2034 <div class="sectionbody">
2035 <div class="paragraph"><p>Part of the <a href="git.html">git(1)</a> suite</p></div>
2036 </div>
2037 </div>
2038 </div>
2039 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
2040 <div id="footer">
2041 <div id="footer-text">
2042 Last updated
2043  2022-11-04 21:49:36 PDT
2044 </div>
2045 </div>
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